MAD support for bonds even as fingers point at Russia

Reuters - As Russia appeared to dump U.S. Treasury debt this month in the thick of a tense East-West standoff over Crimea, bond markets barely blinked - raising questions about just how brewing crises across the developing world may feed back on Western economies.

Once labelled "Mutually Assured Financial Destruction", the stockpiling of U.S. and European currency and bonds by emerging market central banks over the past decade has arguably been as stabilising a force as the Cold War version of MAD that prevented amassed nuclear arms being fired in anger.

Any attempt to gain advantage by wielding the weapon would be pointless as it would rebound in equal measure.

Its financial iteration, according to former U.S. Treasury chief Larry Summers who coined the phrase in 2002, meant neither the United States, in need of overseas funds, nor mega reserve holders such as China, in need of liquid securities to bank their windfalls, would dare undermine each other due to the symbiotic debtor/creditor link and mutual benefits.

Today it might seem perverse for emerging nations - under stress for almost a year at least partly due to rising long-term U.S. interest rates - to actively offload U.S. Treasuries in a way that merely pushes those rates ever higher.

Yet with an estimated $3.7 trillion of the $7.7 trillion of hard cash reserves held by emerging economies banked directly in U.S. bonds, the inherent clout is indeed now nuclear.

And if financial MAD hinges on purely economic and financial expediency, then Russia's effective annexation of Crimea and military threats to Ukraine's territory may require a different calculus altogether.

What's more, the threat of retaliatory sanctions and asset freezes by Western powers on Russian entities muddies the picture even further.

That is why eyes popped at U.S. Federal data last week showing debt held at the Fed on behalf of foreign central banks plummeted by $105 billion in the week to March 12 - three times the prior record.

Fingers immediately pointed to the Russian central bank, who despite money spent in defence of the rouble this year last reported total reserves of still close to $495 billion. And according to U.S. government data, Russian entities at large held $139 billion of Treasury securities at the end of January. Russia's central bank declined to comment.

COLD WAR BONDS

JP Morgan analysts reckon that of the net $80 billion decline in these Fed custody holdings so far this year, only about half can be accounted for by emerging market reserve depletion of some $40 billion. And the bulk of that, they add, is indeed likely to be accounted for by Russia, with some $31 billion in intervention to support the rouble since 2013.

But what happened the rest of that outsize drop in Fed holdings? What is for sure is market prices show little or no disturbance from that scale of selling. Benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury borrowing rates are virtually unchanged from Jan. 1 and 2-year yields are actually lower since the start of the year.

The suspicion is they were merely moved from harm's way.

"$100 billion in sales over a two-day period would almost certainly have caused a modest selloff and market rumblings of such activity," said Credit Suisse strategist Ira Jersey.

"Press reports and some market participants point to the potential that Russia transferred its Treasury holdings to a new custodian in an attempt to safeguard the assets from any potential sanctions," said Jersey, adding there was no way of knowing for sure. "This is not dissimilar to what occurred during the Cold War and ultimately led to the advent of the Eurodollar market."

The likelihood that Russia retained much of its Treasury holdings but, under the threat of asset freezes, merely withdrew then from the Fed and possibly even registered them under a different name brings a new dimension to financial MAD.

Yet Russian and other emerging market reserve rundown are still leading to very real outright sales and look likely to persist - whether in support of ailing currencies or potentially the need to recapitalise domestic financial institutions.

"There's a plausible but low risk possibility of additional sales of Treasuries by EM nations should Chinese or Eastern European issues turn into a systemic risk off," said Jersey.

Again, it is remarkable this has little or no net impact on Treasury prices to date this year. The Fed is of course still buying bonds as part of its quantitative easing programme but has been tapering those purchases by $10 billion a month all year and shows little sign of wavering from that course.

The offsetting demand may simply have come from private mutual funds - some fearful of the geopolitical rumblings, others of a stalling of the equity market or economy and many simply in long-term de-risking mode due to looming retirement pressures.

Nicholas Panigirtzoglou at JP Morgan says retail investors were the most likely culprits as they bought $33 billion of bond funds worldwide in the first quarter after selling $50 billion per quarter over the second half of last year.

At the margin at least then, the sort of financial or economic stress that may force big overseas central banks sales is the same sort of stress that fosters private bond demand.

The MAD support for bonds may be as strong as ever.

A bigger test of this may come in the spring, however, as the U.S. rebounds after a freezing winter, Fed tapering starts to outstrip the reduction in U.S. bond supply from lower deficits and emerging central banks continue to feel the heat.